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Author: The Wistar Institute

Mono, Multiple Sclerosis, and Cells That Live Forever: Wistar’s Dr. Paul Lieberman on Progress in EBV Research

Paul M. Lieberman, Ph.D., is leader of the Genome Regulation and Cell Signaling Program at the Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center. He studies how certain viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, establish a long-term latent infection that can lead to cancer or autoimmune disorders.

Why did you choose to focus your research on EBV?

I became interested in EBV during my graduate student introduction to virology. Someone explained that this virus is very good at immortalizing cells, and I became intrigued by the concept of immortalization.

EBV is very good at immortalizing otherwise-mortal B lymphocytes, or B-cells, which are a type of white blood cell. If you take a person’s blood and put it in culture, those B-cells will die in a few days. But if you infect the B-cells with EBV, they can live forever. It’s basically what an oncogene can do to a cell — it can take a cell from being normal and short lived to growing forever. I wanted to know: What can make a cell live forever?

Your research works on understanding how cancer-associated viruses persist in a latent state and increase the risk of cancer and autoimmune disorders. What does it mean for a virus to persist in a latent state? Do all viruses do this?

The viruses we study, like EBV, are unique in how they establish a long-term latent infection in cells that will both be long-lived and also can divide. Most viruses do not do this. The majority of viruses, like SARS CoV 2 and flu, don’t stick around. But with all herpesviruses — and EBV is a herpesvirus — the virus finds a place to live in the body for the life of the host. Chickenpox is a good example. You get infected as a child, but the virus lingers in a long-lived neuron and then can reactivate much later and cause shingles.

The viruses we study persist in blood cells, in particular B lymphocytes. The lymphocytes have what are called memory cells, which can live for decades, and the virus finds a place to survive in those long-lived cells. EBV, like other herpesviruses, goes through periodic reactivations. In most healthy individuals, EBV reactivation is asymptomatic because other immune cells like T-cells and natural killer cells do a great job at getting rid of those virally infected cells. Unfortunately, the virus is very good at playing cat and mouse so that the immune system manages to eliminate most of the virus, but not all of it. Then, the virus waits until the immune system is compromised to reemerge or in some cases, cause cancer.

How did scientists connect EBV to multiple sclerosis? And is your lab working on anything regarding this connection?

EBV was originally identified as a “tumor virus” because it was discovered in tumor samples of a rare childhood lymphoma called Burkitt lymphoma that occurred in Central Africa. Sir Tony Epstein, who recently passed away, was responsible for that discovery.

EBV’s ability to immortalize and induce tumors associated with a number of lymphomas has been fairly easy to prove because you can isolate the cancer cells and show that the virus is in those cancer cells. However, the plot thickened when scientists found that EBV also causes mono and many people who are infected with EBV never get cancer.

EBV is now suspected to be associated with autoimmune disease — multiple sclerosis (MS) being one of those. In 2022, Alberto Ascherio, an epidemiologist at Harvard, published a longitudinal study in Science that looked at 10 million blood samples of EBV-positive and EBV-negative individuals over 20 years and found that EBV infection preceded symptoms of MS. Thanks to his work, most scientists are convinced that EBV infection along with complications of mono create something like a 32-fold increase in risk of developing MS. That’s very significant — more than smoking cigarettes increases risk of getting cancer.

The trouble is that, unlike with EBV-infected tumors, sometimes we can find the virus in a patient with MS, but in a lot of cases we can’t. One hypothesis my lab is pursuing is that very few cells are infected with EBV, but it’s enough to cause sufficient inflammation to trigger the disease. However, right now, it’s difficult to definitively show exactly where EBV is in autoimmune disease and what it’s doing. This research is important because it will determine what the best therapeutic will be.

You’re also leading an NCI-funded team of scientists to explore the role of EBV in epithelial cancers. Why study epithelial cancers?

We understand a lot about how EBV infects lymphocytes, but EBV causes on the order of about 150,000 cases of epithelial cancer — meaning nasopharyngeal carcinomas and stomach cancer — every year. And we have very little understanding of why that happens, what the virus is doing in those cancers, or the best ways to treat EBV in that context.

For this program we built a multidisciplinary team that is well-situated to invent new small-molecule drugs and identify the right combination of drugs to treat EBV-epithelial cancers. EBV-infected cancer has allowed us to be very precise because we can target the virus. With this sort of precision medicine, you can reduce a lot of the off-target side effects and resistance issues that you see with other treatments like some of the more severe chemotherapeutics.

What excites you most about where EBV research is headed?

I think we are in the chase for a cure. This opportunity to target EBV across a number of different diseases is what keeps me wanting to get back to work, day after day. If we can eliminate the virus or eliminate the activity of the virus, we can cure a lot of disease.


To support the research of viruses like EBV, donate to Wistar’s Giving Tuesday campaign.

Wistar Institute President & CEO Dr. Dario Altieri Appointed to the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce for Greater Philadelphia

PRESS RELEASE

PHILADELPHIA — (October 22, 2024) —President and CEO of The Wistar Institute Dario Altieri, M.D., has been appointed to the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce for Greater Philadelphia. The appointment marks a continuation of Altieri’s service to the Chamber, where he served as a member of the CEO Council for Growth and participated in the Philadelphia Regional Recharge and Recovery Task Force during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dr. Altieri has served as the director of The Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center at Wistar since 2010 and as President & CEO since 2015; he also holds an endowed chair as the Robert and Penny Fox Distinguished Professor.

“It is the Chamber’s unique & diverse business network and commitment to private-public collaboration across sectors that contribute to Philadelphia’s thriving economic and business growth across the region,” said Dr. Altieri. “I look forward to the collaboration and innovation that will advance our city to new heights of excellence.”

“I’m delighted to welcome the newest members of our Board of Directors and Executive Committee,” said Chellie Cameron, Chamber president & CEO. “By leveraging their diverse experiences and insight, we aim to drive impact and growth across the Greater Philadelphia region. I look forward to collaborating with them to realize our vision: Greater Philadelphia is a top global destination for business and a leader in inclusive growth.”

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ABOUT THE WISTAR INSTITUTE:

The Wistar Institute is the nation’s first independent nonprofit institution devoted exclusively to foundational biomedical research and training. Since 1972, the Institute has held National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Cancer Center status. Through a culture and commitment to biomedical collaboration and innovation, Wistar science leads to breakthrough early-stage discoveries and life science sector start-ups. Wistar scientists are dedicated to solving some of the world’s most challenging problems in the field of cancer and immunology, advancing human health through early-stage discovery and training the next generation of biomedical researchers. wistar.org


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Maureen Murphy, Ph.D., of The Wistar Institute Named 2024 Woman of Influence

PRESS RELEASE

Philadelphia Business Journal honors Murphy’s contributions as a leader and scientist to Greater Philadelphia

PHILADELPHIA — (October 11, 2024) — In the latest issue of The Philadelphia Business Journal, The Wistar Institute’s Maureen Murphy, Ph.D. — Deputy Director of the Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center and Ira Brind Professor & Program Leader of the Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program — has been honored as a 2024 Woman of Influence, a distinction given to women in the Greater Philadelphia region who are “often making the difficult look easy” while achieving their ambitious goals. Dr. Murphy received the recognition alongside her fellow honorees at a special celebration on the evening of October 10th.

A senior scientific leader at Wistar and renowned expert on the p53 anti-cancer protein, Dr. Murphy has led and guided the Institute’s research projects that continue to uncover the basis of cancer — an essential first step in identifying new therapeutic strategies that may one day become future, lifesaving cancer therapeutics.  Murphy specializes in understanding the impact of genetic variation of p53 in African- and Ashkenazi-descent individuals influences their cancer risk and efficacy of therapy.

“I’m thrilled to be named in the company of such exemplary women,” said Dr. Murphy upon receiving the award. “To me, making progress against cancer here at The Wistar Institute has always been the highest honor there is. I’m deeply grateful that my work here at the Institute has been recognized this way, and I’m proud to be a Woman of Influence in a region so rich in talented women scientists & leaders.”

“Maureen truly embodies the spirit of Wistar Science through her tireless commitment to exceptional research, cancer health disparities and mentoring of the next generation of scientists,” said Dario Altieri, M.D., President and CEO of The Wistar Institute. “This is a most deserved recognition of her exemplary scientific leadership and extraordinary pursuit of innovation in next-generation therapies to advance human health.”

Recently featured on the latest episode of Wistar Science Up Close, Dr. Murphy speaks to her hope for continuing to lend her leadership to the fight against cancer: “I am only here to make the world a better place. That’s it. I’m not here due to ego… We need to sit in a lab and try and help humankind.”

For a printer-friendly version of this release, please click here.

ABOUT THE WISTAR INSTITUTE:

The Wistar Institute is the nation’s first independent nonprofit institution devoted exclusively to foundational biomedical research and training. Since 1972, the Institute has held National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Cancer Center status. Through a culture and commitment to biomedical collaboration and innovation, Wistar science leads to breakthrough early-stage discoveries and life science sector start-ups. Wistar scientists are dedicated to solving some of the world’s most challenging problems in the field of cancer and immunology, advancing human health through early-stage discovery and training the next generation of biomedical researchers. wistar.org


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2024 Trot for Trainees

Special Event
Sunday, Nov. 17, 2024

Support the Wistar Trainee Association and their transformative research by joining us at the 2024 Trot for Trainees. This 2-mile fun run and walk starts at the Wistar facility at 3601 Spruce Street in Philadelphia and ends at the foot of the Philadelphia Art museum steps. All funds raised will directly support training, education, and the development of our next generation of biomedical researchers. Thank you for your support!

3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104

Register Today

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The Wistar Institute Celebrates Bold Science // Global Impact Campaign Success

Campaign Marks the Largest Amount Raised in Wistar’s History

The Wistar Institute celebrated the most successful fundraising campaign in its history with an evening reception at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Donors, board members and Wistar staff gathered in the soaring, Frank Gehry designed Williams Forum to mark the Bold Science // Global Impact Campaign’s $63 million raised.

Ron Caplan, campaign chair, kicked off the evening by acknowledging the importance of the researchers that fuel Wistar discoveries. “So much good happens at Wistar … and it’s because of the scientists at Wistar, who are the most dedicated group of people I have ever met. If you want to give a round of applause to anything, $63 million is one thing, but the scientists at Wistar are really special.”

Launched in 2022, the Campaign was designed to advance Wistar’s strategic plan and focused on three strategic pillars: biomedical research, education and training, and collaborations and partnerships. Funds raised during the Campaign supplement federal funding and will be used to purchase new equipment, expand research space, add new staff, and expand educational programs.

As part of the campaign, Wistar received a $30 million commitment – the largest in the Institute’s history. The gift enables Wistar to fund the design and construction of the Center for Advanced Therapeutics, a cornerstone of the Institute’s strategic plan.

Vice chair of the Wistar Board of Trustees Sue Dillon, Ph.D., expressed gratitude to attendees for their support of the campaign. “Thank you each of you for the very unique ways in which you’ve contributed to the Institute, and thank you all for helping us with this critical campaign and making it succeed.”

Wistar president and CEO Dr. Dario Altieri concluded the event by reminding attendees of the importance of philanthropic donations to the Institute. “What is the spirit of a capital campaign for a basic biomedical research institute? To me, the spirit of the campaign is a spirit of hope, a spirit of trust — a spirit of believing in a future that is not yet here. It is investing in hope for the medicines of the future, not just for ourselves, but for everybody.”

Watch this video to learn more about the genesis of the Campaign and how it has propelled Wistar forward.

Mission Possible: The Wistar Institute’s Unique Model for Creating Inclusive Biomedical Career Pathways

For 25 years Wistar has led the way in training students both locally and internationally for careers in the life science sector. The origins of Wistar’s commitment to training started with Dr. William Wunner, Wistar professor emeritus and a widely respected rabies researcher.

In the 90s Dr. Wunner helped create the oral rabies vaccine delivered in the form of edible bait for wild animals at a time when rabies was a serious public health issue in the U.S. The thinking was simple: animal-to-human transmission is far less likely if fewer animals have rabies. By dropping appetizing vaccines into the wilderness, the technology Wunner helped to develop successfully inoculated thousands of animals against the rabies virus.

Dr. Wunner’s initial foray into education & training began with his passion for creating career pathways for people interested in the life science sector. Looking back on Wistar’s Hubert J.P. Schoemaker Education and Training Center since then, he says that his greatest expectations have been surpassed.

The Biomedical Technician Training Program, or BTT Program, accepted its first cohort of trainees in 2000 under Dr. Wunner’s oversight. Since then, the Program has expanded greatly, teaming up with 5 community colleges and 13 employer partners to support 19 students this summer in their pursuit of careers in the life sciences. Over the last 25 years, over 230 community college students have completed the BTT Program: 66% are women, 47% are from underrepresented races/ethnicities, 48% have obtained related positions and 68% have continued their education within the first year.

Following a Laboratory Orientation where students learn in-demand skills from Wistar’s expert team of science educators, Program participants have the opportunity to apply and practice these skills in professional laboratories. Each trainee is placed in complementary lab experiences in academic, industry or core facilities. Partners include top biomedical research, biotechnology and pharmaceutical labs throughout the Greater Philadelphia region. Through these experiences, students gain the competence and confidence to make them strong candidates for various life science careers.

As the founder and previous director of the Program, Dr. Wunner stressed the importance of trainees accepting challenges, exploring opportunities, developing an awareness of professional resources, establishing good contacts, and making lasting impressions with mentors to turn aspirations into realities.

Dr. Wunner always encouraged the trainees to get to know three to five mentors who could provide knowledge, skills, and feedback through their professional development. According to his philosophy, trainees should see themselves as others see them, and they should challenge themselves to grow as team members and leaders by helping others reach their goals together.

Dr. Wunner worked hard to understand the strengths of each trainee. He always considered how trainees worked and what they could contribute in order to recommend them for positions in laboratories that best matched their professional objectives while supporting the laboratory team. That way, he believed and still believes, each trainee will grow and achieve their own personal goals.

“Dr. Wunner really taught me how to support each student, placing them in the laboratories in which they would be most successful, and this has allowed the continued success of the BTT Program and our expansion to additional students” said Dr. Kristy Shuda McGuire, dean of biomedical studies and director of the Hubert J.P. Schoemaker Education and Training Center.

In 2017 with support from Wistar, Dr. Wunner registered the first Biomedical Research Technician (BRT) Apprenticeship in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Apprenticeship, now named the Fox BRT Apprenticeship, allowed the long-running BTT Program to become a state-registered pre-apprenticeship in 2019.

In 2021 Dr. Kristy Shuda McGuire, who had worked with Dr. Wunner while recruiting and supporting students from the Community College of Philadelphia (CCP) in the Program, took on the work at Wistar for which Dr. Wunner cared so deeply. Under her leadership, the BTT Program and other education and training initiatives at Wistar have expanded greatly. Dean Shuda McGuire saw the potential to build on the BTT Program’s success to make training in the biomedical field accessible to more and diverse participants, including students from Cheyney University, the nation’s first historically Black college or university (HBCU), and other undergraduate institutions, as well as adults looking to upskill or re-skill.

The Wistar students recognized in the Summer 2024 Completion Ceremony included high school, community college, and other undergraduate students from diverse, non-traditional backgrounds — including first-generation college students, new immigrants to the U.S., students with little prior exposure to STEM curricula, and participants in career transition, honing their skills for new positions. Their futures are wide open; past Wistar trainees have gone on to successful careers in science and healthcare thanks to their experience in these programs.

Year after year Wistar’s Summer Completion Ceremony is a moving and transformative celebration for the students and their loved ones. The students leave grateful for the opportunity and prepared for the next step in their journey for careers in the life sciences.

Wistar professor emeritus Dr. Wunner and Wistar dean of Biomedical Studies Dr. Shuda McGuire at the Summer 2024 Completion Ceremony

Breaking Down the Science: Wistar’s New Genome Regulation and Cell Signaling Program in the Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center

Upon the launch of The Wistar Institute’s new Genome Regulation and Cell Signaling Program, we sat down with the Program’s leader — Hilary Koprowski, M.D., Endowed Professor Paul M. Lieberman, Ph.D. — and co-leader, professor Bin Tian, Ph.D., to learn more about their vision for the Program and what it means for the future of cancer research at Wistar.

Tell us about the importance and excitement in this new Caplan Cancer Center Program.

PL: Wistar has been at the forefront of cancer research and discovery for decades. Recent advances in genomic technology and computational biology have inspired us to establish the new Genome Regulation and Cell Signaling (GRCS) Program. This new Program brings together a diverse group of investigators to solve complicated problems underlying cancer causation, including persistent viral infection, immune response to cancer, and cell signaling changes in cancer.

The GRCS Program combines multi-disciplinary expertise to solve these complicated problems from many different angles: from specialists in genome architecture and integrity like Drs. Tempera, Gardini, and Sarma, who focus on the physical structure of our genome, which has very critical ramifications for genetic diseases & cancers; to investigators interested in virus’ infection and cancer causation, like myself, Dr. Tempera, and Dr. Price; to researchers of inflammatory signals in cancer cells and metastasis with Drs. Chen and Altieri; to specialists in computational and informatic techniques like Drs. Madzo, Kossenkov, and Srivastava, who are essential for effective analysis and interpretation of the vast datasets our Program generates.

How does the combination of genome regulation and cell signaling synergize in this new Program?

BT: We want to better understand cancer, so we study how genes are regulated or dysregulated at the genomic level; cell signaling provides the biological context for understanding how genome regulation plays out in response to internal & external cues. Because of recent technological advances, gene regulation can now be studied across the entire genome — not just individual genes or small groups of genes with similar functions, but all the genes throughout the genome. The synergy between genome regulation and cell signaling is holistic.

PL: Genome regulation does not occur in a vacuum. Metabolic and environmental changes trigger signaling between cells, which, in turn, affect how the genome is regulated. How the genome responds to these types of signals is central to the problems in cancer biology and part of the new focus areas of the GCSR Program.

Why is genomics so critical to cancer research?

BT: All aspects of a cancer cell’s growth — from tumor formation, to tumor survival, to interactions with other cells in the tumor microenvironment — involve rewiring of our cells’ gene expression programs. And that is a fundamentally genome-based process — whether it is a physical change of some genome sequences; alternation of how the genome is structured in 3-dimentional space; transcription of DNA into RNA; or post-transcriptional regulations.

PL: Cancer is a disease of the genome: tumors start when the genome is changed in ways that give cancer a foot in the door. Genomics and informatics analyses allow us to understand the specific genetic changes — which, in cancer, are more like genetic injuries — that drive a particular individual’s cancer. Ideally, once you understand the underlying genetic nature of an individual cancer, you can design precision medicines targeted more accurately to a specific disease diagnosis.

What advances has sequencing technology unlocked in this area of cancer research?

BT: In essence, cancer is a genetic disease. And advanced sequencing technologies have enabled us to examine the genome with the resolution of a single nucleotide — the fundamental building block of DNA. Sequencing technologies have evolved to a point where we can even use these tools to understand the dynamics of genome regulation within individual cells or tiny regions in the body. Essentially, we see cancer’s real-time changes far more clearly, which is key to understanding and combatting the disease.

PL: Advances in genomics and sequencing technologies allow us to understand cancer as a personal disease. Each tumor is different, but we can use precision sequencing as a springboard for researching precision medicine. Armed with the latest advances like next-generation and ultra-high-throughput sequencing — methods that allow scientists to accurately assess entire genomic samples and in minute detail — the new Program’s scientists have the tools they need to move the field even further.

In state-of-the-science Wistar labs, our researchers can easily sample an entire genomic state with tools to improve and expand into new areas of application and translation. Our Program members combine these advances with technologies like CRISPR to identify, target, modify, and correct the genetic aberrations that drive cancer and other genetic diseases.

How do cancer researchers deal with the complexity of the different variables at play in cancer? And how will your Program’s approach account for that interconnectivity?

PL: Due to the complexity of biological systems — and cancer being among the most complicated biological problem because of the rapid, chaotic evolution of tumors and their surroundings — it’s quite unlikely that any single person or brain will solve this challenge. New artificial intelligence applications are welcome tools for investigators; by leveraging AI, we can sort through the massive amounts of biological information and identify potential vulnerabilities within cancer’s framework.

We do work in a reductionist mindset — where the entire complex network of information is reduced to one simple example — to identify new targets and pharmacological agents that can impact the whole system. While that might seem at odds with cancer’s enormous complexity, we still need to simplify the complex science of cancer. It’s a give and take: we zoom in to find a specific mechanism at play in cancer, and then we zoom out to see whether targeting that mechanism can work its way through the vast, interconnected complexity of the disease system to produce a therapeutic effect. We cut through the jungle one molecule at a time.

What is your plan for translating your Program’s discoveries into testable therapy strategies?

BT: We have several promising thematic areas for therapeutic intervention, including the emerging areas of mRNA vaccines and gene therapies, as well as continued progress in small molecules as drug candidates. So as we make progress on potential therapeutics, we seek to take full advantage of several technologies and investigate how they work together — similar to the multi-pronged approaches the HIV folks are using for disease containment and cure.

We believe in basic science, which pays off in the long run: any discovery and innovation moves the needle in cancer research and future therapeutics.

Five years from now, what do you hope to have achieved through the Program?

BT: We hope to achieve breakthroughs in both basic science research and cancer therapeutics; we can reach these goals because the GCRS Program has faculty with expertise in many cutting-edge and interdisciplinary technologies and is highly collaborative.

PL: The GRCS program has two main goals: advance our knowledge and understanding of the complex mechanisms of genome regulation and cell signaling in cancer; and second, identify new therapeutic targets and strategies to treat cancer and other complex diseases.

We anticipate publications in high-impact journals to highlight breakthroughs in genome regulation and cell signaling, and we also expect to see some of our findings advanced into new therapeutics — small molecules, gene therapies, and vaccines to treat cancer and other diseases — that will reach clinical trials thanks to our continued collaboration between the public and private sectors.

These are broad and ambitious goals, but they are achievable. With an excellent diversity of scientific expertise and supported by the most advanced technologies available from Wistar’s Shared Resources facilities, the GCRS Program is positioned to find answers to some of the most pressing questions in cancer biology.

New Ways of Seeing at Wistar

How Wistar’s Imaging Core has embraced the computational era to see more — and better

A contemporary of Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, was a pioneer in the field of microscopy. Some say that Hooke coined the word “cell” based on his study of plants. Like Newton, Hooke’s body of work influenced scientific inquiry, and some aspects of his research and findings remain relevant to this day — particularly the notion that understanding the building blocks of life at their microscopic scale will lead to a better understanding of life at the human scale.

Even in the 21st century, biomedical researchers continue to rely on microscopy to observe and collect data. Wistar’s dedicated Imaging Core Facility is stocked with state-of-the-science equipment that can generate images beyond Robert Hooke’s wildest dreams, like cancer cells so clear that you can see exactly how their mitochondria are broken. The more a scientist can see, the better able they are to confirm & test their hypotheses.

Computer technology is now playing an increasingly valuable role in helping researchers to see what heretofore they could not.

James Hayden, RBP, FBCA, managing director for Wistar’s Imaging Core Facility has experienced the field move from “nothing but analog” to a new era of digitally enhanced microscopy. With the help of skilled instructors, he presided over a special workshop to get people thinking about microscopes in computational, rather than strictly photographic, terms: “They’re here to help teach us how to think computationally. We’re in a new paradigm.”

The workshop covered the how and why of using computers to adjust for something called the “point spread function” of light, which refers to the fundamental uncertainty inherent in where light “is,” spatially; as a light wave travels, it propagates its own interference pattern by bouncing off both its own wave and whatever it touches. That interference pattern creates a defined region in which, if two signals are in the region together, the signals will blur into one fuzzy shape.

In the analog days of microscopy, it used to be that cranking up light intensity or increasing the duration and/or frequency of the sample’s exposure to light might resolve blurriness on the margins. But not only are those methods unreliable at refining resolution — they can also degrade data quality and destroy precious biological samples. Many cells are susceptible to phototoxicity and will die if exposed to light for too long or at too high an intensity.

However, with computers, scientists can now use the point spread function against itself. Microscopes concentrate light to create microscopic images. Yes, the light interferes with itself, but it also interferes with the known quantities of a microscope like lens curvature, apertures, etc. This means that the limited resolution region created by the point spread function of light looks different on every microscope — and that, in turn, means computer algorithms can systematically adjust for those differences.

Imagine you have three small dots, all very close to each other, that fall within the resolution limit of a microscope’s point spread function. If you put those three small dots under a microscope, you won’t see the dots individually because they’ll all be blurred together into one indistinct shape; the image is said to be “convoluted.”

This new technology, through a specially designed algorithm, works backwards to disentangle the image’s signals. By telling the algorithm which microscope you’re using and with what settings, a series of functions subtracts away whatever interference patterns that the computer can calculate with certainty.

Ever since the earliest days of microscopy, scientists have been trying to see more of the microscopic world in order to better know how it works. As Jamie Hayden says, “The data is there, in images. It’s just a question of pulling it out of the background noise.” At the end of the workshop, Jamie compared the process of deconvolution to sifting away the silt when you pan for gold.

“By thinking computationally rather than like photographers, we can get rid of some of that noise and see what’s underneath. We’ll get clear, beautiful images, but we can also get even higher quality data — and that’s really what we’re after.”

Wistar Scientist Coaches Trainees on Importance of Communication

Italo Tempera, Ph.D. — associate professor and associate director for Cancer Research Career Enhancement at The Wistar Institute’s Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center — hosted a workshop for Wistar postdoctoral trainees on the principles of effective communications as it relates to presenting scientific research and reflected on why it’s a critical skill for up-and-coming scientists.

What made you decide to start this workshop?

Although our postdoctoral trainees get some of the very best scientific training at The Wistar Institute, it would be helpful for them to learn more about being the most effective communicators they can be when talking about their respective research projects.

I want to make sure that Wistar early-career scientists are prepared to advance their careers — and as much as that takes technical, scientific competence, it also requires the ability to communicate effectively. You can be the best scientist in the world, but if nobody understands what you’re saying about your ideas or your data, you’re not going to get very far.

Are scientists not very inclined to talk about their research?

No — quite the opposite. If there’s one thing that a scientist is happy to do, it’s talk about their science; that’s what makes Wistar so great — we’re constantly exchanging ideas with colleagues and discussing our work, which is how you make progress.

The biggest difficulty happens when we make assumptions about our audience: we can rely too heavily on jargon or believe that background on our area of expertise is widely understood (when it often isn’t). We spend years percolating the technical language of our discipline, but it’s important to meet our audience where they are — particularly the younger generations of scientists, who today face the challenge of scientific skepticism.

These budding scientists are already more savvy and well-versed in a variety of media, so it’s a matter of teaching them to distill their work down to the basic, most important & interesting points. I’m originally from Italy and grew up speaking Italian, but I do most of my science in English, so my own test for whether I’m speaking or writing with clarity to a non-expert audience is, “would nonna, my grandmother, understand what I’m saying?” She was a smart person, but not only did she not speak English, she also didn’t receive much education beyond elementary school, which was normal in rural Italy in her days. And yet if I could tell her what I was doing for a living and she could follow, then I knew I succeeded in clearly communicating my science.

Postdocs are preparing to embark on their career search, and a big part of that is presenting their work. How important are communication skills in the interview process?

A good scientific presentation for an interview begins with being able to express oneself and one’s science with confidence. This is vital because it’s how your prospective colleagues evaluate you. Of course, hiring in science depends principally on a researcher’s record: their CV, their publications, funding or funding ideas, recommendations, etc. But in academic science, not only does a successful candidate need to be a great scientist — they need to be a great colleague.

The interview, and especially its presentation component, is your opportunity to communicate your research ideas effectively and in a way that makes future directions or collaborations easily understood. A candidate can be great on paper, but as I tell the postdocs, if their presentation comes across as bland, then they’re less likely to have success.

As a scientist, why do you think it’s important for the public to be able to understand scientists?

As a human being and as a scientist, I look at everything humanity has achieved and find myself amazed. A lot of what amazes me originated in science — that’s something everybody should know, because progress is everyone’s heritage. When people are skeptical of that idea — “why study this?” or “what’s the point of that?” — I think it’s even more important for us to be able to answer those questions and make it clear that scientific inquiry, even at its the most basic level, has made life better for everyone.

Yes, we live in a world of constraints, so scientists compete for limited pots of money (for which effective communication is also essential, by the way). But at the macroscopic level, science is a collective effort. Radio technology wouldn’t be commonplace without having first calculated the physics of waves and electrons — things we can’t see that were theoretical at the time. To me, individual discoveries aren’t what we should celebrate; as important as those are, we should celebrate collective progress. And it’s up to scientists to make sure the public knows why they should care enough to celebrate.

Do you think that reading outside one’s field makes people better communicators?

Oh, absolutely. Even within technical papers, there’s wide variation in prose quality, which just goes to show that improving one’s ability to communicate never ceases to be a necessity. I find that my own writing — even for expert audiences who permit jargon — has improved by reading widely and keeping an active mind; it changes how you think.

I also think it’s good for scientists to push past the comfort level of their discipline. I love fiction because it’s yet another opportunity to learn more about humanity and life. As an Italian immigrant, I can’t tell you how much I learned about America by reading American Pastoral by Philip Roth, for example. But reading widely will expand your toolbox to be a better communicator. To be hopeful about humanity’s future — which I am, emphatically, as an optimist — then we need to understand ourselves and our achievements.

Cores Day 2024

Special Event
Wednesday, Sept. 25, 2023

Join us during this free event and get to know the nearly 100 research core facilities representing The Wistar Institute, CHOP and UPenn.

The annual Cores Day event is a joint venture with CHOP, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Vet, and The Wistar Institute to showcase the many outstanding biomedical research resources and services available throughout the University City area. This event is an opportunity for students, faculty, and staff to interface with a multitude of research core facilities via informational presentations provided by core facility personnel.

September 25, 2024 – 10am to 3pm

Lobby, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd

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